Mission drift

Torbjörn Toll and Klas Lundström. In front the Grading committe: Sven-Erik Brodd, professor of Church studies, Uppsala university; Kjell-Åke Nordquist, professor of International Relations with special focus on Practical Peacebuilding and Human Rights, University College Stockholm; Martina Björkander, Associate Professor in Practical Theology and post-doc researcher at the Polin Institute at Åbo Akademi.

On Friday I attended an academic event at University College Stockholm. (In Swedish: Enskilda Högskolan Stockholm – EHS). A friend and colleague, Torbjörn Toll, defended his doctoral thesis:

ACT Alliance and the Refugee Crisis: Ecclesiology and Tensions in Refugee Assistance

It is always interesting to attend such an event. It goes without saying that the defence only is a small part of the doctoral project. To become a doctor in Sweden you need to spend at least four years of full-time studies. The defence usually takes two hours. Still, it is part of the examination. As the respondent you are expected to answer the questions that the opponent puts and show an ability to discuss your findings with the opponent. Faculty examiner Klas Lundström, Associate Professor of Missiology, Johannelund School of Theology in Uppsala served as opponent this time.

The reason for writing about the defence is that I have not had the time to read the thesis. Therefore, I base this blog post on what I heard at the defence. One concept was new for me: Mission drift. Torbjörn mentions it in his introduction when he formulates his research questions. He describes the tensions that are defined as …

… practical challenges that may, or may not, show a discrepancy “between what a church claims to be and what it is in reality.”

And then he explains what “mission drift is”.

Tensions may be an indication that Christian aid agencies are suffering from a mission drift and loss of Christian identity.

When I google on this concept I end up in a book with the name

Mission Drift: The Unspoken Crisis Facing Leaders, Charities, and Churches

It was published in 2014 by Bethany House Publishers and the authors are Peter Greer, Anna Haggard and Chris Horst. Their explanation of the concept on the website of Peter Greer is:

Too often, as Christian organizations grow, the Gospel often becomes cursory, expendable, or even forgotten. Again and again, leaders have watched their ministries, businesses, and nonprofits professionalize, expand, and lose sight of their original goals. Even churches can stray from their calling.

My impression is that Torbjörn, who lives in Ethiopia with his family, has an understanding that the churches in Ethiopia – especially the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus – takes part in aid work driven by their Christian faith. But there are tensions between the churches, which have a mission to “reach every person with the gospel and the sacramental life of the church” and the development-aid organisations, that have a slithglty different agenda. Which is understandable when the funds come from states and other secular donors. 

I will need to read the thesis in order to find out more about how Torbjörn describes this tension and what the possible way forward is. I guess the tension will always be there. It is important, however, to have this conversation. Otherwise, the risk for mission drift will be obvious. 

Towards the end of the event even the audience were allowed to ask questions. I especially appreciated that Ezra Gebremedhin, associate professor in Church History, Uppsala university, said a few words. Ezra is born in Ethiopia and has for instance been the General Secretary of the Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus. He is 90 years old. He was the only person who referred directly to a Bible passage. He spoke about the parable about the Good Samaritan as a way of bridging the gap and appreciate the tension between the sacramental life of the Church and the calling to serve in a humanitarian way. 

Thorbjörn defended his thesis with vigour and conviction. After a short break with refreshments for all the visitors, the result was revealed. Torbjörn Toll is now Doctor of Theology. Congratulations!

The Silencing of Regina Gelana Twala

Prof Joel Cabrita from Stanford University, San Francisco, USA will be warded an honorary doctorate from the Theological Faculty, Uppsala University, tomorrow. Today she held her lecture with the heading:

Writing religion: research assistance & authorship in African religious history

Joel Cabrita has published important work on African Initiated Churches and her work is connected to the late Uppsala Professor Bengt Sundkler. He is did some groundbreaking work on the AIC’s. In his first book: Bantu prophets in South Africa (London: Lutterworth Press, 1948) he is rather negative to these kind of churches finding them to include too much paganism. Later he wrote Zulu Zion and some Swazi (Lund: Gleerup, 1976). In this book he has changed his opinion about the AIC’s and is more positive.

Joel Kabrita argued in her lecture that Regina Gelana Twala contributed to this change. But her contribution was never recognised. Kabrita has written a book about Twala:

Written out. The Silencing of Regina Gelana Twala (Ohio University Press, 2023)

I really want to read it. So the question is: why was the contribution of Twala not recognised by Sundkler? One answer is that this happened in another time. In the 1950s senior researchers leaned heavily on their research assistants. But this answer is not enough. Sundkler was criticised for this already after his first book. In the second book he therefore named a number of his research assistants. Two of them were Peter Mkhize and Titus Mthembu. Cabrita argued that Twala was as important as they. So, why is Sundkler just silencing her? Especilly since she contributed a lot to the second book. Cabrita could show this with examples where Sundkler has copied from Twalas notes almost word by word.

Cabrita informed us that Regina Twala was not a Lutheran. But I cannot believe that this was a reason. Sundkler was an ecumenist. In her lecture, Cabrita showed that Twala in general struggled to get her work published. When she died in 1968 she left a number of unpublished book manuscripts behind. On the website of Standford university I read this as an explanation to the silencing of Twala. I think it comes from Cabrita’s book:

The literary gatekeepers of the racist and sexist society of twentieth-century southern Africa clamped down by literally writing her out of the region’s history. 

Ohio Press summarises and asks:

Systemic racism and sexism caused one of South Africa’s most important writers to disappear from public consciousness. Is it possible to justly restore her historical presence?

Cabrita answerd this humbly. She admits that she as a white scholar is privileged. She does not intend to come as a white saviour.

Nevertheless the gave us a few things to think about. We need:

- A new way of decolonizing knowledge

- Literary activism

- Greater due diligence in publishing

Cabrita also underscored that Twala found ways to publish her texts, albeit in newspapers and under pseudonyms like Intombazana. Cabrita wants to ensure that Regina Twala gaines recognition. She has even approached Oxford press, that published books by Sundkler. I got the impression that they were not amused.

Good guys and bad guys

Are Lutherans the good guys and Pentecostals the bad guys? This was one of the question that were posed at the defence of a thesis at Uppsala University on Friday morning. A friend and colleague, Johannes Habib Zeiler, defended his doctoral thesis:

Crafting Lutheran Pastors in Tanzania. Perceptions of Theological Education and Formation in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania

It was an interesting two hours conversation, mainly between the respondent (Johannes) and the opponent (Prof. Knut Holter, University of Stavanger).

The opponent began by giving an overview of the thesis and made sure that the respondent accepted his rendering. Johannes did and said:

It is obvious that we have read the same book.

After that the opponent said he would now change attitude. He revealed that he was equipped with a sledgehammer. He was prepared to use it if he found any cracks in the reasoning in the thesis. He could even consider making cracks in the construction himself. Of course the respondent and the audience laughed but I could also feel a sense of anxiety in the room.

After almost 1½ hour the opponent stood up and concluded that the thesis
in deed was a good piece of academic work.

After almost one and a half hour we were, however, relieved. Johannes was calm and relaxed throughout the disputation and gave good answers to the opponent. Johannes also admitted that he could have done things differently. (As a respondent you must show some humility).

Let me point out a few things that struck me. Johannes has conducted interviews with lecturers at Tumaini University Makumira, where Lutheran Pastors in Tanzania get there education. He has also interviewed a number of Bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania. In order to get access to these informants he has made use of his contacts. He has met them both as a scholar and as a Lutheran Pastor from Church of Sweden. It has been important to build good relationships with them. This could however have interfered with his ambition to act critically, as a scholar. On the other hand, if he had not done this, he might have come across problems in even getting to talk with them. The opponent and some of the members of the committee, who ultimately would decide whether or not the thesis would be approved, raised some concern on this point. Johannes should have asked more critical questions and not relied on the informants so much. One of the committee members, Professor Eila Helander, University of Helsinki, also asked about the set of questions that Johannes had used in the interviews. They were nowhere to find in the thesis. Of course she was right, it would have been interesting to see them.

Another committee member, Professor Joram Tarusarira, University of Groningen, asked about the role of traditional African religion in the context of formation of Pastors. This could also have been interesting to find out. My remaining question is whether or not Johannes had asked the informants of this connection. It was obvious that they did not take up this issue on their own. Traditional belief systems probably play an important role. But again, how can you as a scholar get information about this if the informants don’t speak about it themselves? (I need to admit that I have no experience when it comes to interviews. I have mainly worked with written texts.)

What about the Pentecostals? If I understood the conversation correctly this is one of the finding in the thesis. Those who are responsible for the formation of Pastors in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania regard Pentecostalism as a threat. They want to safeguard the Lutheran identity from to many charismatic influence. These influences also come from within the Church. Johannes states:

This study shows that the informants are constantly negotiating and wrestling with the influx of ideas and practices from the ‘inside’, i.e. from dynamic Lutheran pastors in charge of charismatic and flourishing congregations across the country (Zeiler 2018:193).

To me it is clear that we face similar challenges at the Church of Sweden Institute for Pastoral Education. There is a conversation about our own chapel life and our different forms of worship, such as folk church inspired, low-church, high-church, charismatic and many other forms. If I as a teacher find that students prefer a more charismatic worshipping style, do I welcome that? Do I try to “craft” that student in a different way? Does our new Altar Book allow a charismatic liturgy and accommodate Pentecostal influences?

Johannes is coming to us in a few weeks’ time as a guest lecturer. He is going to teach about Ecumenism. I think I will ask some of these questions to him during that lecture.

A few days in Sweden

Surreal – but nice! This comment from the movie Notting Hill might sum up how I feel about being in Sweden right now. I live in South Africa and I am very happy with that. Nevertheless I got an opportunity to participate in a conference in Uppsala starting tomorrow. So, a few months ago I bought a ticket (from a gift I got when I resigned as parish priest in Kalmar earlier this year).

I left Pietermaritzburg Thursday morning at 8.30 and spent a few hours at O R Tambo (Johannesburg). Via Addis Ababa and Kairo I reached Stockholm Friday morning just passed 7. I managed to be in time for a meeting at Church of Sweden head office, which started at 9.30. At 16.00 I left and began a trip to Kalmar together with three of my children. We arrived around 22.00. Saturday morning we worked in the garden at our cottage, which was the purpose of our road trip. (A fourth child came via train from Gothenburg and joined us.) Saturday afternoon I spent with some friends and the evening with the two daughters and two sons.

Sunday we went for high mass in St. Birgitta Church and thereafter lunch with my in laws. After that back to the cottage. We filled a trailer with some furniture and started our six hours trip back to Uppsala. We got there quite late in the evening. Today I returned the trailer to the garage and in a few hours I will have lunch with a colleague, who will work as a lecturer at Makumira University in Tanzania.

Tomorrow the conference starts:

I will read a paper in the morning, in a seminar together with two other scholars. The theme is:

Lutheran Identity in a Global World 1

The three papers are:

“Burning Issues” for Lutheran Churches. Göran Gunner, Associate Professor at Uppsala University, Researcher at Church of Sweden Research Unit.

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia in the Context of The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod and The Church of Sweden. Kalle Tapani Kuusniemi, Researcher in the University of Helsinki, Faculty of Theology, Helsinki, Finland.

Unity in Lutheran diversity – how to speak and hear the truth in love. Wittenberg, Dar-es-Salaam, Budapest, Dodoma, Addis Ababa, and beyond. (Myself).

Late Thursday evening I go back to South Africa. I will reach Pietermaritzburg Friday afternoon. After a very interesting and so far rewarding week. Surreal but nice.